The collaborative efforts of the University of Lille and the Art & Métier Institute of Technology in Lille (France) culminated in the organization of the 15th Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) International Summer School, held from 12 to 15 June 2023, adopting a hybrid format (Figure 1). The EMR 2023 event showcased a comprehensive agenda comprising six lectures elucidating foundational concepts, 26 lectures delving into pragmatic applications, and four simulation sessions (comprising one conducted in person and three online). This event drew a diverse audience of 114 participants hailing from 17 countries, encompassing 53 in-person attendees and 61 online participants. The resounding success of EMR 2023 was further augmented by esteemed endorsements from reputable scientific organizations, including the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society, MEGEVH, CUMIN, and the Lab of Electrical Engineering and Power Electronics (L2EP), alongside robust support from industrial stakeholders, Typhoon HIL and Siemens Software.
Figure 1 The 2023 Energetic Macroscopic Representation International Summer School. (Source: L2EP; used with permission.)
The summer school was dedicated to an in-depth exploration of EMR, a graphical formalism meticulously designed to capture the intricate interplay within energy conversion systems, composed of interconnected subsystems. EMR facilitates a methodical analysis of holistic system behavior and offers a structured methodology for devising control architectures. The versatile applicability of EMR spans a gamut of domains, embracing electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles, and renewable energy conversions, encompassing fuel cell systems, electrical grids, piezoelectric actuators, and an array of other intricate systems.
EMR inception traces back to the year 2000, originating from the pioneering efforts of the L2EP control team at the University of Lille. Presently, EMR not only enjoys integration into the academic curricula of over nine countries but also has secured substantial industrial recognition. Prominent industry leaders such as Alstom, Renault Group, Stellantis, Siemens Mobility, Siemens Software, Valeo, and SNCF have seamlessly integrated EMR into their operational frameworks. Notably, EMR stands as a cornerstone within the PANDA H2020 European Project.
The initiation of the EMR Summer School can be attributed to Prof. Alain Bouscayrol (L2EP, University of Lille) in 2006. Since 2011, the biennial rhythm of the EMR Summer School has manifested, with odd-numbered years hosting the event in Lille (France) and even-numbered years extending its reach to diverse nations such as Canada, China, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Vietnam. The sustained yearly attendance averages 58.4 participants, culminating in lectures featuring over 180 distinctive applications.
The EMR Summer School is a premier platform for participants to glean insights from domain experts, engage in interactive sessions, and apply EMR paradigms to real-world scenarios. It remains a conduit for fostering knowledge dissemination, skills refinement, and practical EMR integration across multifarious industries and research domains.
Anticipating the horizon, the forthcoming EMR Summer School 2024 is poised to transpire at Amity University in India during June 2024. The forthcoming program will encompass fundamental sessions, applied tracks, and an industrial exhibition, with specific details available in the coming months at https://emr-website.univ-lille.fr//.
In a recent wave of comprehensive surveys, the intricate policy landscape within the automotive sector has been illuminated, shedding light on the prevailing conditions within the automotive electronics realm. This exploration delves deep into the developmental trajectories of distinct subcomponents, revealing the orchestrated endeavors of automobile manufacturers to forge uncharted pathways of expansion through the elevation of vehicular prowess. This impetus, driven by the ever-tightening reins of regulatory prerequisites, has been further accelerated by groundbreaking advancements that unfold primarily in the domain of automotive electronics.
As the automotive arena embarks on a transformative journey, embracing the core tenets of lightweight engineering, intelligent augmentation, and electrification, an exhilarating evolution unfolds within the vibrant tapestry of automotive electronics. This dynamic shift has propelled the market dimensions of this realm to soaring heights, underpinned by the unprecedented specialization demonstrated by the artisans of components. This newfound prowess bestows upon them an influence that stands taller than the titans of original equipment manufacturers, as they emerge as vanguards in steering technological frontiers across multifarious sectors.
Embedded within the realm of automotive electronics, a constellation of cutting-edge technologies assumes the spotlight: the advanced driving assistant system (ADAS), interconnectivity-driven vehicles, and the galvanizing surge of electric power sources. These pioneering advancements not only beckon the dawn of a new era but also bear the seeds of exponential expansion, their transformative ripples cascading through the intricate tapestry of the automotive industry value chain.
As the automotive narrative unfurls, embracing the symphony of regulations and innovation, the horizon gleams with electrifying potential. The symposium of possibilities, from connected cars to electrification endeavors, illuminates a roadmap that promises to redefine the very essence of mobility. In the heart of this narrative, the stage is set for the auto industry boldest act, where policy, innovation, and technology choreograph an avant-garde performance on the grand stage of transformation [1], [2].
In the realm of automotive innovation, a groundbreaking symphony is resonating as the ADASs take center stage. The landscape of driving is undergoing a seismic transformation, propelled by the ingenious fusion of cutting-edge technologies. These systems are not just altering the way we drive; they are reshaping the very essence of vehicular interaction and safety.
Recent strides in ADASs are reshaping our highways, offering an array of intelligent features that bridge the gap between human intuition and machine precision. From adaptive cruise control that effortlessly maintains a safe distance from other vehicles to lane departure warnings that provide a digital copilot for navigation, the repertoire of ADAS functionalities is expanding at an astonishing pace.
One of the most captivating aspects of these advancements lies in their potential to mitigate human error, a leading cause of road accidents. The ADAS leverages sensors, cameras, and sophisticated algorithms to detect potential hazards and alert drivers in real time. These systems provide more than just a glimpse into the future; they actively shape it by enhancing road safety, optimizing traffic flow, and making journeys more enjoyable.
However, the scope extends beyond safety alone. The future of driving envisions a domain in which vehicles harmoniously communicate with each other, exchanging vital data concerning road conditions, traffic dynamics, and prospective impediments. This interconnected symphony promises to revolutionize our daily commutes, transforming them into efficient, streamlined experiences.
The rapid pace of development in ADASs is a testament to the relentless pursuit of safer, smarter mobility. From automatic emergency braking that can avert collisions to self-parking features that make parallel parking a breeze, ADASs are redefining the boundaries of what is possible on the road.
As we navigate toward a future of autonomous vehicles, the ADAS serves as the essential bridge, transforming driving from a task into an experience. With each technological stride, we inch closer to a reality where roads are safer, congestion is tamed, and driving becomes an art of precision and harmony. Welcome to the era where innovation takes the wheel and propels us into a new age of transportation.
In fact, ADASs are a collection of technologies designed to enhance the safety and convenience of driving by aiding the driver [1]. These systems utilize sensors, cameras, radar, and other technologies to monitor the vehicle surroundings and the driver’s actions, allowing them to provide real-time feedback, warnings, and even automated actions, if necessary, as presented in Figure 2. The operational mechanics of ADASs are outlined as follows:
Figure 2 Qualcomm Technologies, BMW Group, and Arriver have joined forces to codevelop the next generation of automated driving systems. C-V2X: cellular vehicle-to-everything; LR: long range; SR: short range. (Source: https://www.qualcomm.com/; used with permission.)
ADAS technologies work together to create a safer and more comfortable driving experience by assisting the driver in various scenarios. It is important to note that while ADASs can greatly enhance safety, they are not fully autonomous systems and still require driver supervision and intervention when necessary. Several key players have emerged as driving forces behind innovation and technological advancements. These companies have made significant contributions to shaping the direction of ADAS development and have a substantial impact on the automotive industry. Some of the prominent key players in the field of ADASs include the following:
Figure 3 Volvo IntelliSafe features. (Source: https://www.volvocars.com/en-ca/l/intellisafe-assist/; used with permission.)
These key players, along with many other automotive manufacturers and technology companies, are driving innovation in the ADAS field. Their contributions are shaping the future of driving by making vehicles safer, more efficient, and ultimately moving closer to fully autonomous vehicles.
In the dynamic realm of automotive innovation, a profound transformation is underway as cutting-edge developments in automotive electronics pave the way for a new era of interconnectivity-driven vehicles. These advancements are not merely reshaping how we drive; they are fundamentally redefining the very concept of vehicular interaction and communication.
Recent advancements in automotive electronics are crafting a masterpiece of connectivity that holds the potential to reshape our roadways. The convergence of intricate hardware and sophisticated software is empowering vehicles to communicate seamlessly with each other and with the surrounding infrastructure. The result is an ecosystem of interconnectivity-driven vehicles that enhance safety, efficiency, and the overall driving experience. For instance, Figure 4 presents a smartphone-based EV performance control technology by Hyundai Motor Group.
Figure 4 The Hyundai Motor Group introduces smartphone-based EV performance control technology. (Source: https://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/; used with permission.)
At the core of these advancements resides an array of sensor technologies, including radar, lidar, cameras, and ultrasonic sensors, as highlighted in the section “Progress in ADASs.” These components function as critical sensory parts of the vehicle, perceiving its environment and relaying essential data to onboard systems. Through advanced data fusion algorithms, these sensors create a comprehensive situational awareness that enables vehicles to make informed decisions in real time.
In the field of automotive electronics, software solutions are emerging as the unsung heroes. Complex algorithms enable vehicles to interpret sensor data, predict the behavior of other road users, and respond proactively to changing conditions. Furthermore, cloud-based platforms facilitate seamless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, forming the bedrock of a connected automotive ecosystem.
From ADASs that offer real-time collision avoidance to predictive maintenance systems that anticipate mechanical issues, the potential of interconnectivity-driven vehicles knows no bounds. Imagine a future where traffic congestion is eased through harmonized vehicle flow, where accidents are minimized through instant data sharing, and where navigation is optimized in real time through crowd-sourced information.
Leading carmakers and tech giants are collaborating to usher in this transformative era. Initiatives such as 5G (and more recently 6G) connectivity, dedicated short-range communications, and emerging vehicle-to-everything (V2X) standards are heralding an age where vehicles will seamlessly exchange data not only with each other but also with traffic lights, road signs, and pedestrians’ devices.
In this swiftly advancing terrain, the significance of automotive electronics as the neural network of contemporary vehicles cannot be emphasized enough. These recent advancements extend beyond connected cars; they symbolize the ascent of a fully interconnected mobility ecosystem. As vehicles transform from simple means of travel into intelligent components within a broader digital network, the path ahead is ripe with endless possibilities for creativity, partnership, and a safer, more streamlined journey ahead.
For instance, imagine a scenario where your car not only drives you to your destination but also communicates with traffic lights to optimize your route in real time, minimizing delays. Picture a future where vehicles seamlessly share information about road conditions, traffic patterns, and potential hazards, leading to smoother traffic flow and reduced accidents. In this evolving landscape, cars could even collaborate with one another to create energy-efficient platoons, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
Amid these transformations, the concept of commuting evolves into a harmonious symphony of vehicles, infrastructure, and data, all working in concert to redefine modern mobility.
In the sphere of advancing automotive electronics for interconnectivity-driven vehicles, several key players are shaping the landscape with their innovations, collaborations, and technological prowess. These companies are at the forefront of harnessing cutting-edge technologies to usher in a new era of connected mobility. Here are some of the prominent key players in this transformative development:
Figure 5 C-V2X delivers outstanding performance for automotive safety. (Source: https://www.qualcomm.com/; used with permission.)
Figure 6 MK6 Cohda Wireless. (Source: https://www.cohdawireless.com/solutions/mk6/; used with permission.)
Figure 7 GM Cruise self-driving cars in the traffic. (Source: https://getcruise.com/; used with permission.)
These key players, along with other automotive manufacturers, technology companies, and startups, are collaborating and innovating to drive the advancement of automotive electronics for interconnectivity-driven vehicles. Their collective efforts are propelling the automotive industry toward a future where vehicles are seamlessly connected, enabling safer, more efficient, and more enjoyable journeys on the road.
As automotive electronics continue to progress, ushering in enhanced connectivity within modern vehicles, they propel us into the future. Offering immediate updates on traffic conditions, these advancements empower drivers to eliminate unnecessary stops and enhance fuel efficiency. Informed commuters can skillfully navigate through congestion by selecting alternative routes, utilizing public transportation, or adjusting travel schedules, thus elevating the eco-friendliness of their trips. These real-time data further provide travelers with precise estimates of transit vehicle arrivals, leading to improved connections between buses and trains and heightening the appeal of public transportation for a diverse range of travelers [3].
In the ever-evolving landscape of electric mobility, groundbreaking advancements in electric power sources are sparking a revolution that is reshaping the future of transportation. These developments are not just improving how we move; they are fundamentally altering the way we perceive energy, sustainability, and the potential of EVs [4].
Recent strides in electric power sources are unlocking new dimensions of efficiency, range, and charging convenience, positioning EVs as formidable contenders in the automotive arena. The convergence of cutting-edge battery technologies, innovative charging infrastructure, and sustainable energy solutions is propelling electric mobility to unprecedented heights.
At the heart of these developments lies the evolution of battery technology. Breakthroughs in battery chemistry, composition, and design are paving the way for higher energy densities, longer ranges, and faster charging times. From lithium-ion to solid-state and beyond, these advancements are redefining the boundaries of what EVs can achieve.
Charging infrastructure is emerging as a pivotal aspect of electric mobility. Rapid chargers, ultrafast charging networks, and wireless charging technologies are eliminating range anxiety and offering the convenience that consumers expect from traditional refueling stations. These developments are not just enhancing the practicality of EVs; they are shaping new patterns of urban planning and energy consumption.
Sustainability is a cornerstone of the electric mobility revolution. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, are being integrated with EV charging infrastructure to create a symbiotic relationship between clean energy generation and consumption [2]. The concept of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is taking root, allowing EVs to become mobile energy storage units that contribute to grid stability and resilience.
Industry leaders, startups, and research institutions are collectively driving these advancements. Companies like Tesla, with their innovative battery technology and charging network, have set the benchmark for electric power sources. Traditional carmakers such as Volkswagen, BMW, and Ford are rapidly pivoting toward electrification, propelling electric mobility into the mainstream.
Moreover, collaborations among carmakers, battery manufacturers, and energy companies are giving rise to collaborative ecosystems that accelerate the development and adoption of electric power solutions. Research institutions and universities are at the forefront of pushing the boundaries of battery chemistry and energy storage technologies.
As electric mobility evolves, the road ahead promises an electrifying fusion of innovation and sustainability. We are witnessing the dawn of a new era where electric power sources are not just driving vehicles; they are catalyzing a global shift toward cleaner, more efficient transportation. From urban streets to highways, the masterpiece of electric mobility is harmonizing a future where mobility meets environmental responsibility, unlocking boundless possibilities for a greener tomorrow.
In the realm of advancing electric power sources for better electric mobility, several key players are at the forefront of driving innovation, pushing boundaries, and shaping the landscape of EV technology. These companies are leading the advance in developing cutting-edge battery technologies, charging infrastructure, and sustainable energy solutions. Here are some of the prominent key players in this transformative field:
These key players, alongside numerous other automakers, battery manufacturers, charging infrastructure providers, and startups, are collectively driving the rapid evolution of electric power sources for better electric mobility. Their dedication to innovation, sustainability, and pushing the boundaries of technology is propelling the world toward a cleaner, more efficient transportation future.
The landscape of autonomous vehicles is unfolding with immense potential. With the pervasive adoption of autonomous driving technology, novel paradigms continue to reshape the domain, ushering in fresh prospects and avenues within the industry. In this discourse, we can anticipate the foremost four trends that epitomize the evolution of autonomous vehicles. These trends, underpinned by transformative technologies, are poised to exert lasting influence on the trajectory of autonomous driving.
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning technology yields remarkable enhancements in the safety and operational prowess of autonomous vehicles. Notably, algorithms for object detection, convolutional neural networks, and machine learning algorithms collectively augment vehicular performance. Given the absence of human drivers, AI emerges as the keystone to engineering vehicles capable of maneuvering securely, seamlessly, efficiently, and judiciously within real-world scenarios.
Public clamor for ecological sustainability and environmental stewardship reverberates across global industries. This emphasis encompasses the entirety of the automotive sector, and autonomous vehicles are uniquely positioned to play a pivotal role in aligning with this burgeoning demand.
Electrified powertrains and environmentally conscious technologies are instrumental in crafting autonomous vehicles devoid of emissions, thereby combatting air pollution. Moreover, the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles, or even vehicles endowed with ADAS functionalities like adaptive cruise control, holds promise in ameliorating traffic congestion and abating carbon emissions as presented before.
As an increasing array of vehicles equipped with sophisticated computational systems navigates our thoroughfares, the scope for interconnectivity between vehicles and external entities burgeons. Vehicle connectivity imparts real-time insights into vehicular attributes, driver behavior, pedestrian movement, and the ambient environment. These insights, in turn, serve to augment driver alerts, mitigate accident probabilities, and optimize monitoring of road conditions and traffic dynamics.
Unyielding cybersecurity safeguards are an imperative facet of secure autonomous vehicles. Thus, it comes as no surprise that the arena of cybersecurity ranks among the most salient and dynamic trends propelling the autonomous vehicle landscape in 2023. Innovative security mechanisms, such as virtual private network-based networks, facilitate the secure transmission and reception of data, ensuring responsible data handling. Concurrently, blockchain technologies fortify data management, enhancing traceability, communication, and connectivity without compromising safety.
Hesai Technology emerges as a premier provider of lidar systems catering to the needs of autonomous vehicles and diverse applications (see Figure 8). Amid the ever-expanding ambit of autonomous vehicle technology, our steadfast dedication to engineering precise and dependable lidar systems remains unswerving. For a comprehensive understanding of how lidar enriches the capabilities of autonomous vehicles and to glean insights into the future trajectories of this technology, delve further into the realm of Hesai’s offerings.
Figure 8 Hesai leads the way in the automotive lidar market. (Source: https://www.hesaitech.com/; used with permission.)
In the field of electric buses, numerous key developments are shaping the landscape of urban transportation and pushing the boundaries of electric mobility. These advancements encompass various aspects of electric buses, including battery technology, charging infrastructure, range optimization, and integration of innovative features. Here are some of the key developments in the field of electric buses.
Breakthroughs in battery chemistry and design have led to higher energy densities, longer battery life spans, and faster charging capabilities. Lithium-ion battery technologies are evolving to provide greater range and efficiency, reducing concerns about range anxiety and enabling longer routes for electric buses, essentially in urban contexts.
The development of fast and ultrafast charging solutions is enabling quicker turnaround times for electric buses. High-power charging stations can replenish a significant portion of the battery capacity in a short amount of time, making electric buses more feasible for frequent urban operations.
On-route charging systems, such as overhead wires or inductive charging, are being integrated into electric bus routes, as presented in Figure 9. This technology enables buses to charge while in operation, extending their range and eliminating the need for lengthy charging stops at depots. Some cities are converting their previous overhead wires used for tramways or trolley buses systems to this propose.
Figure 9 OppCharge electric bus charging station installed outside Volvo electric bus depot in Arendal, Norway. (Source: https://www.volvobuses.com/, used with permission.)
Some electric bus manufacturers are exploring battery swapping systems, where depleted batteries can be quickly replaced with fully charged ones. This approach reduces downtime and enables buses to stay in service for longer periods.
V2G integration means that electric buses equipped with V2G technology can not only consume electricity but also contribute power back to the grid when needed. This integration supports grid stability and enables buses to act as mobile energy storage units [15].
Electric buses are being equipped with autonomous driving features, enhancing safety, efficiency, and route optimization. These features have the potential to reduce driver fatigue and improve overall operational efficiency.
Electric buses are also becoming increasingly connected, with real-time data exchange among vehicles, operators, and charging infrastructure. This connectivity supports efficient fleet management, predictive maintenance, and enhanced passenger experiences.
Countries and cities around the world are introducing regulations and incentives to promote the adoption of electric buses. These initiatives include zero-emission zones, subsidies, and grants that encourage the transition to cleaner public transportation.
Finally, charging infrastructure providers are focusing on using renewable energy sources to power electric bus fleets. Solar panels, wind energy, and other sustainable sources are being integrated into charging stations to reduce the environmental impact.
These developments collectively contribute to the transformation of urban transportation and underscore the potential of electric buses to create cleaner, more efficient, and more sustainable cities. As technology continues to advance and collaborative efforts gain momentum, the future of electric buses holds exciting possibilities for both urban mobility and environmental stewardship.
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Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MVT.2023.3317525