July 2022Original Research: Perceived Need for Mental Health Care and Associated

Perceived Need for Mental Health Care and Associated Factors and Outcomes in Older Adults Consulting in Primary CareBesoin en soins de santé mentale perçu et les facteurs et résultats de santé associés chez les personnes âgées qui consultent en première ligneCatherine Lamoureux-Lamarche, MSc^1,2

, Djamal Berbiche, PhD^1,2, and Helen-Maria Vasiliadis, MSc, PhD^1,2img1

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie
2022, Vol. 67(7) 553-564
© The Author(s) 2021img4
Article reuse guidelines:
sagepub.com/journals-permissions
DOI: 10.1177/07067437211055430
TheCJP.ca | LaRCP.caimg2

AbstractObjective: To assess the individual and health system factors and health-related outcomes associated with perceived need for mental health care in older adults consulting in primary care.Method: This longitudinal cohort study was conducted among 771 cognitively intact older adults aged ≥65 years recruited in primary care practices in Quebec between 2011 and 2013 and followed 4 years later. Predisposing, enabling and need factors were based on Andersen’s framework on help-seeking behaviors. Health-related outcomes included course of common mental disorders (CMDs), change in quality of life and societal costs. Perceived need for care (PNC) was categorized as no need, met and unmet need. Multinomial regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between study variables and PNC in the overall and the subsample of participants with a CMD at baseline.Results: As compared with individuals reporting no need, those with an unmet need were more likely to have cognitive decline and lower continuity of care; while those with a met need were more likely to report decreased health-related quality of life. As compared with individuals with an unmet need, those reporting a met need were more likely to report ≥ 3 physical diseases and an incident and persistent CMD, and less likely to show cognitive decline. In participants with a CMD, individuals reporting a met as compared with no need were more likely to be categorized as receiving minimally adequate care and a persistent CMD. Need for care was not associated with societal costs related to health service use.Conclusions: Overall, physicians should focus on individuals with cognitive impairment and lower continuity of care which was associated with unmet mental health need. Improved follow-up in these populations may improve health care needs and outcomes.AbrégéObjectif: Évaluer les facteurs individuels et du système de santé ainsi que les résultats de santé associés au besoin en soins de santé mentale perçu chez les personnes âgées qui consultent en première ligne.Méthode: La présente étude de cohorte longitudinale a été menée auprès de 771 adultes âgés ≥ 65 ans, sans problème cognitif, recrutés dans des cliniques de soins de première ligne au Québec entre 2011 et 2013 et suivis quatre ans plus tard. Les facteurs prédisposants, facilitateurs et de besoins étaient basés sur le modèle d’Andersen portant sur les attitudes de recherche d’aide. Les résultats liés à la santé incluaient le patron temporel des troubles mentaux courants (TMC), le changement de la qualité de vie et les coûts sociétaux. Le besoin de soins perçu (BSP) était catégorisé en aucun besoin, besoin comblé et besoin non comblé. Des analyses de régression multinomiale ont été menées pour évaluer l’association entre les variables àl’étude et le BSP dans l’échantillon global et le sous-échantillon des participants présentant un TMC au départ.Résultats: Comparativement aux personnes ne déclarant aucun besoin, celles ayant un besoin non comblé étaient plus susceptibles de rapporter un déclin cognitif et une continuité de soins plus faible; alors que celles ayant un besoin comblé étaient plus susceptibles de déclarer une réduction de la qualité de vie liée à la santé. Comparativement aux personnes ayant un besoin non comblé, celles qui rapportent un besoin comblé étaient plus susceptibles de déclarer ≥ 3 maladies physiques et un TMC incident et persistant, et moins susceptibles de présenter un déclin cognitif. Chez les participants ayant un TMC, ceux qui rapportent un besoin comblé par rapport à ceux sans aucun besoin sont plus susceptibles d’être catégorisés comme ayant reçu des soins minimallement adéquats et un TMC persistant. Le besoin de soins n’était pas associé aux coûts sociétaux associés à l’utilisation des services de santé.Conclusions: En général, les médecins devraient mettre l’accent sur les personnes ayant une déclin cognitif et une continuité de soins plus faible, qui était associée aux besoins de santé mentale non comblés. Un meilleur suivi dans ces populations peut améliorer les besoins en soins et les résultats de santé.Keywordsperceived need, depression, anxiety disorders, factors, health-related outcomes, epidemiological study, older adultsIntroductionThe concept of quality of care is multidimensional and includes patient-centered care, security, equity, timely access, efficacy and efficiency.¹ Perceived need for mental health care has been used to assess patient-centered care in observational studies.² A previous Canadian study showed that 86% and 13% of adults with and without a mental and substance use disorder reported a need for mental health care.³ Similar estimates were reported in the Netherlands with 74% of adults with a common mental disorder reporting a need for mental care.⁴ When looking at community-dwelling older adults, 50% and 7% of those with and without a mental disorder reported a need for care.⁵Few studies have looked at the factors associated with unmet and met mental health needs.^6,7 Among adults with a perceived need, female gender, younger age, the presence of addiction problems, better cognitive functioning and consulting a lower number of health professionals were associated with unmet versus partially and fully met need for mental health care.⁶ A secondary data analysis of a randomized study in adults with depression showed that those reporting unmet need were more likely to have persistent depression at 18 and 24 months follow-up.⁸ Perceived need for care (PNC) in adults with a mental disorder was also associated with poorer quality of life in a cross-sectional population-based study.⁹ A primary care study of adults with depression and anxiety did not show an association between perceived need for mental health care and costs from the societal perspective.¹⁰Using Andersen’s¹¹ health care-seeking behavior model, the aim of this study was to assess the predisposing, enabling and need factors associated with perceived need for mental health care in older adults consulting in primary care practices. Our hypothesis was that need, enabling and predisposing factors would be associated with a perceived need for mental health care. To our knowledge, no study has documented the factors associated with perceived need for mental health care in primary care older adults. This is important, as the prevalence of psychiatric and physical comorbidity increases with age^12,13 and over 70% of older adults consult in primary care settings for their mental health symptoms.¹⁴ This study will inform on the perceived needs for mental health care of older adults and related health outcomes to prepare health care systems for the future predicted growth of the aging population in Canada.¹⁵MethodsThe study was conducted among 771 older adults aged ≥65 years participating in the longitudinal ESA-Services cohort study and followed over a 4-year period. Participants gave consent to link their health survey to their medico-administrative data over the study period. Older adults were recruited in primary care between 2011 and 2013 in one of Quebec’s largest administrative regions and were available for the follow-up of this study, 4 years later (2015–2017).The methodology of the ESA-Services study has been previously described elsewhere.^16,17 Briefly, French-speaking older adults aged ≥65 years waiting for a medical appointment with a general practitioner (GP) who were interested to participate in the study were interviewed at home by a trained research assistant using a structured computed assisted questionnaire.¹⁸ Consent forms were explained and signed at the beginning of the computer-assisted interview. Participants with moderate to severe cognitive decline measured at baseline, using the ESA French-Canadian translation of the Mini-Mental State Examination^19,20 adapted for home interviews in community living older adults, were excluded from the study. Older adults were also invited to give consent to link their health survey and provincial administrative data from the Régie de l’Assurance Maladie du Québec (RAMQ) and Maintenance et exploitation des données pour l’étude de la clientèle hospitalière (MED-ECHO) databases during the study period. The RAMQ database included, for administrative purposes, physician fees paid out for medical consultations and acts during emergency department and outpatient visits and inpatient stays and diagnoses. Physicians, however, are not required to register diagnoses to be paid. The RAMQ pharmaceutical database includes, for all outpatient prescriptions dispensed, information on date of delivery, dose and duration, drug costs including pharmacist fee, cost of medication and fees paid out by beneficiaries. MED-ECHO provides information on hospitalizations including admission and discharge diagnoses. The analytic sample came from the 1,642 participants who had accepted the linking of their health survey and administrative data at baseline. The research ethics board of the CIUSSS de l’Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke approved the longitudinal ESA-Services study.MeasuresPerceived need for mental health careTab1Table 1. Description of the levels of perceived need for mental care.Past-year perceived need for mental health care was measured at the follow-up interview using an adapted French version of the PNC Questionnaire.^21,22 All participants were invited to answer this questionnaire regardless of their answer on depression and anxiety symptoms. This instrument included type and perceived adequacy of help received, and the PNC. The type of help received and needed included: (1) information about mental health problems, treatments or available services; (2) medications; (3) counseling, therapy or help regarding interpersonal relationships; and (4) other types of needs. Based on these, the level of perceived need for mental care was categorized as follows: no need, met need and unmet need.^10,21 The original scale showed good intra-rater reliability and satisfactory construct validity.²¹ For the purpose of this study, met and unmet need were combined to identify individuals with perceived needs. The description of each level is provided in Table 1 and the questions used to create this variable are available in the Supplemental Material (Table S1).Other study variables of interest included individual and health system factors, which were selected based on Andersen’s framework¹¹ on health service use and patient outcomes. All study variables are detailed in Table S2.Need FactorsThe presence of a common mental disorder (CMD) was based on the presence of a self-reported or a physician diagnosis of depression or an anxiety disorder. With the exception of the criteria referring to functional impairment, self-reported depression and anxiety in the last 6 months were based on DSM-5 criteria.²³ The presence of a physician diagnosis of CMD, in the 6 months surrounding the baseline and follow-up, was assessed with the International Classification of Diseases 9th and 10th revisions codes.^24-27 Based on the presence/absence of CMD at baseline and follow-up, the course of CMD was categorized as follows: no CMD, remitted case, incident case and persistent case.Other individual need factors measured at follow-up included: the presence of three or more chronic physical diseases, percentage of cognitive decline between baseline and follow-up,¹⁹ psychological distress and anxiety symptoms assessed with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)²⁸ and the Seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7),²⁹ and the number of daily hassles (0–22).³⁰Enabling FactorsQuality of life included health-related quality of life (HRQOL), measured using a visual anolog scale ranging from 0 to 100, and satisfaction with life (Table S2).³¹ Satisfaction with life was assessed using an adapted French version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale.^32,33 This measure included five questions on a five-point Likert scale ranging from “completely disagree” to “completely agree” with a total score varying from 5 to 25. The original sevenpoint Likert scale was reduced to decrease the burden on participants during the interview. The percentage of change between baseline and follow-up was calculated.Total 3-year costs from the societal perspective included costs from the health system and patient perspectives and were based on guidelines for economic evaluations, published methodologies and the literature.^34-39 Health care utilization was assessed from the RAMQ and MED-ECHO databases. Unit costs were assessed based on 2013–2014 published financial reports from the Quebec Ministry of health and social services^40,41 and data from the literature.^34,35,42-45.Individual enabling factors also included material and social deprivation indexes of areas of residence,⁴⁶ the presence of social support at follow-up (0–3),⁴⁷ adequacy of care received for CMD at baseline and the Bice–Boxerman continuity of care index⁴⁸ calculated for the 3 years following baseline. The definition of minimally adequate quality of care for pharmacological or psychological treatment received for CMD was based on Canadian clinical guidelines and relevant literature.^49-56 To be categorized as receiving adequate or inadequate care, participants had to be covered under Quebec’s public drug plan for the 6 months preceding and 9 months following the baseline interview.Enabling health system factors included type of primary care clinic of recruitment and was categorized as small private clinics with less than three physicians versus family medicine groups, local community health centers and private clinics with at least three physicians. Historical attraction and retention indexes of the area of residence were also considered. The retention indexes measure the proportion of general and psychiatric services consumed by the local population in a region over all services received by this population regardless of the region they received the services. The attraction indexes assess the proportion of general and psychiatric services consumed by the local population in a region over all services rendered in this region.⁵⁷Predisposing FactorsIndividual predisposing factors included: age, sex (female vs. male), education (primary vs. secondary/post-secondary/university), marital status (married vs. not married) and the presence of adverse childhood experiences.⁵⁸AnalysesDescriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted to assess the association between study variables and PNC categorized as (1) no need versus need and (2) no need versus met need versus unmet need. Study variables associated with PNC at a threshold of p < 0.10 in the overall sample were included in the multivariable analyses. Multinomial analyses were conducted to study PNC categories as a function of individual and health system factors and health-related outcomes in the overall and subsample of older adults with a CMD at baseline covered under Quebec’s public drug insurance plan. Adequacy of care received for CMD was therefore included in the analyses of the subsample. Odds ratio estimates and 95% CIs are presented with their p-value. In the current study sample, 53 older adults had missing information on the material and social deprivation indexes. These variables were imputed using the factors sex and age.⁵⁹ A total of 12 and four participants had missing data on the K10 and GAD-7. For those with at least six out of 10 (K10) and four out of seven (GAD-7) completed items, the mean score of answered questions was used to impute missing data.ResultsIn the overall sample, 67% reported no need for mental health care, while 17% and 16% reported met and unmet needs. In the subsample of older adults with a CMD at baseline, 54% of older adults did not have a PNC, while 27% and 19% reported a met and unmet need at follow-up. Bivariate and multivariate associations for the overall sample and participants with a CMD are presented in Tables 2-4. The association between the presence of a PNC (need vs. no need) and predisposing, enabling and need factors are presented in the Supplemental Material (Table S3).Need versus no NeedThe multivariable analyses (Table S3) showed that, as compared with those with no CMD, individuals with persistent CMD were three times more likely to report a need for care in the total and subsample, while those with a CMD and a need for care were more likely to receive adequate care (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.38, CI 2.02–14.29, p < 0.001).Met versus no NeedIn the total sample, participants with a met need were more likely to report three or more physical disorders at follow-up (AOR 1.90, CI 1.10–3.28, p = 0.022) and a CMD at baseline and/or follow-up, and to report a decrease in their HRQOL (AOR 0.99, CI 0.98–0.99, p = 0.036). In the subsample of those with a CMD, individuals reporting a met need were more likely to have a persistent CMD (AOR 4.33, CI 1.64– 11.36, p = 0.003) and receive adequate care (AOR 5.43, CI 2.09–14.29, p < 0.001).Unmet versus no NeedIn the total sample, participants with an unmet need were more likely to report cognitive decline (AOR 1.04, CI 1.01–1.07, p = 0.023) and lower continuity of care (AOR 0.36, CI 0.14–0.97, p = 0.043). In those with a CMD at baseline, those categorized as receiving adequate care at baseline were more likely to also report an unmet need (AOR 3.73, CI 1.16–12.05, p = 0.027).Tab2Tab2aTable 2. Bivariate associations between perceived need for mental health care and study variablesMet versus Unmet NeedIn the total sample, older adults with met need, although less likely to show cognitive decline (AOR 0.95, CI 0.91–0.99, p = 0.011), were more likely to report at least three physical disorders (AOR 2.63, CI 1.36–5.08, p = 0.004) and have an incident (AOR 2.69, CI 1.07–6.77, p = 0.036) and persistent CMD (AOR 3.68, CI 1.43–9.51, p = 0.007).DiscussionThe findings of the current study show that one in three community-living primary care older adults and one in two with a CMD report a need for mental health care. In the overall sample, older adults reporting a met need, versus unmet and no need, were more likely to have a CMD at baseline and/or follow-up. Sherbourne et al.’s secondary analysis of data from a randomized control trial also showed that adults with depression receiving adequate treatment and reporting unmet needs for care were more likely to have a persistent disorder at 18 and 24 month follow-up.⁸ Older adults with met needs received care, which may have increased their likelihood to be diagnosed for their symptoms and be identified as persistent cases.In individuals with a CMD at baseline, a need for care (met or unmet need) versus no need was associated with an increased likelihood of having had received in the past minimally adequate mental health care. Similarly, a primary care study in the Netherlands showed that adults with either depression or anxiety receiving guideline-concordant treatment were more likely to perceive a need for medication, counseling or referral to specialized care.⁶⁰ The definition of minimally adequate treatment for CMD in the current study included outpatient medial consultations, pharmacological treatment and therapy consultations. Although adequacy of care and PNC were measured at different times, receiving minimally adequate care might have in part increased the likelihood in the future of participants receiving follow-up care meeting or not their perceived needs.Tab3Table 3. Factors associated with perceived need for mental health care in the overall sample (n=759)The findings of the current study also showed, in the overall sample, that those with a met need, as compared to others, were more likely to report three or more chronic diseases. This is consistent with previous studies,^3,61 suggesting that physical conditions increase the likelihood of receiving care and therefore the chances of having a mental health care need met. Also of interest, individuals reporting an unmet need were more likely to report cognitive decline, whereas those reporting a met versus unmet need reported reduced cognitive decline. Although all participants were cognitively competent at baseline and follow-up, it is possible that participants referred to their cognitive impairment symptoms when referring to their mental health. A cross-sectional study in primary care older adults from the larger ESA-Services cohort showed that reduced cognitive functioning was associated with low satisfaction with continuity of care, patient–provider interactions and adequacy of care, and this while controlling for a number of clinical and sociodemographic factors.⁶² Additional bivariate analyses showed that continuity of care in the 3 years following baseline was not associated with cognitive decline at follow-up. The results may in part reflect the lack of primary care follow-up received by older adults reporting cognitive decline, which may have further influenced their cognitive impairment and results in reporting unmet mental health needs. Given the limited number of studies, future research is needed to better understand the association between cognitive impairment and functioning and perceived need for mental health care in older adults.In the overall sample, individuals with met need as compared with no need were also more likely to report a decrease in HRQOL between baseline and follow-up. This was not observed for those with unmet need. To our knowledge, no study has looked at the association between PNC and change in quality of life. The current study did not find an association between costs associated with health service use and perceived need for mental health care. Similar results have been previously reported among adults with depression or anxiety.¹⁰. From a societal perspective, including patient preferences and needs could help to meet patient mental health needs for care, while also optimising the allocation of mental health resources.Tab4Table 4. Factors associated with perceived need for mental health care in the subsample of older adults with a common mental disorder (n=160)In summary, the current findings showed that older adults with unmet needs were more likely to report cognitive decline, have lower continuity of care and receive adequate care for CMD. From a clinical perspective, greater efforts need to be taken to better manage the care of older adults with cognitive impairment to meet their mental health needs and delay further cognitive decline. Further, additional analyses in those with a CMD showed that the need for therapy was the most needed type of help reported by 48% of older adults with unmet needs. Although the effectiveness of psychotherapy has been shown for the treatment of CMD,^49,63 their accessibility in Quebec and Canada have been limited for individuals without private insurance.^64,65 This highlights the increased need for a publicly funded universal program to improve access to psychotherapy. Participants reporting a met need were more likely to present with a more complex clinical profile including the presence of a CMD and multiple physical chronic disorders and lower HRQOL. These findings may in part be explained by the fact that up to 40% of adults with CMD and other co-morbidities do not adequately respond to treatment.^66,67 Outcomes of interest for older adults with chronic depression or anxiety may be focused toward improved functioning and life fulfillment and satisfaction⁶⁷. Finally, 54% of older adults with a CMD did not perceive a need for care despite having mental health symptoms, which calls for research focusing on factors including coping mechanisms, spontaneous remission and the use of other types of help for their symptoms (e.g. exercise) to better explain these results.Overall, physicians need to focus on individuals with cognitive impairment and lower continuity of care, which was associated with unmet mental health needs. Improved follow-up in these populations may improve health care needs and outcomes.The findings of the current study need to be considered with the following limitations. First, this cohort study was conducted among older adults who accepted the linking of their health survey to medico-administrative data. Additional analyses showed that participants who accepted and did not accept the linking of their data were similar in terms of PNC and sociodemographic factors, thus limiting the potential selection bias. Fifty percent of the study sample was lost to follow-up. These participants were older, less educated, had lower cognitive functioning as well as higher psychological distress and number of chronic diseases and anxiety symptoms. Given that losses had more complex clinical profiles, the associations between PNC and associated health-related outcomes might have been underestimated. A classification bias may also be present as physicians are not required to register diagnoses to be paid by the RAMQ, resulting in the potential under-reporting of mental health diagnoses in administrative database as previously suggested in a Canadian report.⁶⁹ This could be even more problematic in older adults with multiple chronic diseases.⁶⁹ To minimize this potential information bias, we combined self-reported and administrative data to assess the presence of CMD. Previous studies have reported low concordance between self-reported and diagnosed CMD and suggested using both data sources when available.^{13, 70} Depression and anxiety disorders and PNC were measured in the last 6 and 12 months during a face-to-face interview, suggesting the presence of potential desirability and memory bias. Further, societal costs included the portion of medication costs covered under the provincial public drug plan and paid by beneficiaries. A total of 100 participants were not covered under Quebec’s drug plan or were not covered for the entire study period. Out-of-pocket costs paid for private insurance were not considered in this study. No difference was observed between participants covered and not covered according to the presence of PNC, and more specifically, perceived need for medication, suggesting that the potential information bias is non-differential. Medical visits in the RAMQ database are based on physician billing and it is not always possible to differentiate whether the visit was a follow-up or assessment. However, the results seem to show high continuity of care reflecting the potential for physicians to be able to assess changes in health status. Finally, the results of the current study are only generalizable to older adults consulting in primary care clinics and living at home without significant cognitive impairment.Authors’ NoteThe authors are not legally authorised to share or publicly publish linked survey and health administrative data owing to privacy or ethical restrictions related to the use of administrative provincial health data. Participants were not requested to give informed consent for data sharing.The province of Québec’s “Commission d’Accès à l’Information” gave approval to merge these datasets. Requests for access to the data should be addressed to the research ethics committee of the CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS.Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.FundingThe author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The longitudinal ESA-Services study was supported by operating grants from the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Santé (nos 16000 and 22251, PI: Dr. M. Préville) and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (no. 201403). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.C. Lamoureux-Lamarche was the recipient of a PhD bursary from the Fonds de la recherche en santé—Québec in partnership with the SPOR Quebec SUPPORT Unit. She also received a student travel award from the Quebec’s SPOR SUPPORT Unit to present the preliminary results of this study at the 2019 Canadian Association for Health Services and Policy Research conference. H.-M. Vasiliadis was supported by junior 2 and senior salary awards of the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Santé during the study.ORCID iDsCatherine Lamoureux-Lamarche

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9424-5671Helen-Maria Vasiliadis

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-6060Supplemental MaterialSupplemental material for this article is available online.References

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¹ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus de Longueuil—Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada² Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Quebec, CanadaCorresponding Author:
Helen-Maria Vasiliadis, MSc, PhD, Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne, Campus de Longueuil—Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles Lemoyne, Longueuil (QC), Canada J4K 0A8.
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