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Special Feature

Light-Sensitive Injectable Prescription Drugs

University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Drug Information Group*

 

 

Hosp Pharm 2014;49(2):136–163

2014 © Thomas Land Publishers, Inc.

www.hospital-pharmacy.com

doi: 10.1310/hpj4902-136

Exposure to light is a concern with numerous medications due to the potential for photodegradation or other chemical reactions that affect drug stability. In 2009, Hospital Pharmacy published a list of oral medications that require protection from light.1 This reference does not provide information on injectable drugs and, to our knowledge, there is no comprehensive list of injectable medications that require protection from light published in the United States.2 Therefore, the purpose of this table is to supplement the previously published list of oral medications by identifying injectable drugs that require protection from light. 

A list of injectable medications that require light protection was generated utilizing Facts & Comparisons.3 A comprehensive list of monographs that contained the words “protect” and “light” was created in December 2012. Additional searches were performed using similar phrases such as “exposure to light.” For drug classes that appeared to have several medications requiring light protection, monographs for the whole class were checked. A supplementary search was performed in May 2013 to ensure inclusion of new injectable medications approved through April 2013.

The prescribing information (PI) was used as the primary reference for each injectable medication. Additional resources were used to confirm this information.4-7 For medications with numerous manufacturers, multiple PIs were checked for accuracy. When it was found that not all manufacturers specified the need for light protection, this was noted in the additional comments field and only the brand names of products requiring light protection were listed in the table. When information was not available or consistent among these references, additional sources were checked, a literature search was performed, and/or the manufacturer was contacted. These data are noted in the additional comments field and are referenced accordingly. Despite efforts to confirm the information in at least 2 additional sources, some medications have the PI as the only source with instructions for light protection including those approved between December 2012 and April 2013. When stability depends on light protection during storage, reconstitution, dilution, and/or administration, the reader should consult the references listed in the additional comments field for further details. Additional storage requirements (eg, temperature, humidity) are not included in this table.

Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information presented in this chart, the reader is advised that the authors, Hospital Pharmacy, or Thomas Land Publishers cannot be held responsible for the currency of the information, for any errors or omissions, or for any consequences that may arise. The reader should consult the product prescribing information for the most current information. 

References

  1. King AR. Light-sensitive oral prescription drugs. Hosp Pharm. 2009;44(12):1112-1114. 
  2. Sánchez-Quiles I, Nájera-Pérez MD, Espuny-Miró A, Titos-Arcos JC. Review of the stability of photosensitive medications. Farm Hosp. 2011;35(4):204-215. 
  3. Wickersham RM, ed. Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2013. http://online.factsandcomparisons.com. Accessed December 2012 through April 2013.
  4. Clinical Pharmacology [database online]. Tampa, FL: Elsevier/Gold Standard Inc; 2013. http://clinicalpharmacology-ip.com. Accessed December 2012 through April 2013.
  5. Micromedex Healthcare Series [database online]. Greenwood Village, CO: Truven Health Analytics; 2013. http://www.thomsonhc.com/micromedex2/librarian. Accessed December 2012 through April 2013.
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  7. Gahart BL, Nazareno AR. Intravenous Medications: A Handbook for Nurses and Health Professionals. 29th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 2013. 
  8. Orencia [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb; 2011.
  9. Dysport [package insert]. Basking Ridge, NJ: Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  10. Humira [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: Abbott Laboratories; 2012.
  11. Eylea [package insert]. Tarrytown, NY: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2013.
  12. Proleukin [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Prometheus Laboratories, Inc; 2012.
  13. Campath [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme Corporation; 2009.
  14. Amevive [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Astellas Pharma; 2011.
  15. Alfenta [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Akorn, Inc; 2008.
  16. Lumizyme [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme Corp; 2012.
  17. Myozyme [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme Corp; 2012.
  18. Activase [package insert]. San Francisco, CA: Genentech; 2011.
  19. Cathflo Activase [package insert]. San Francisco, CA: Genentech; 2010.
  20. Aminophylline [package insert]. Shirley, NY: American Regent Laboratories, Inc; 1999.
  21. Aminophylline dihydrate [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2009.
  22. Nexterone [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2011.
  23. Amphotericin B [package insert]. Big Flats, NY: X-gen Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2009.
  24. Abelcet [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Sigma-Tau PharmaSource, Inc; 2010.
  25. Kineret [package insert]. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB; 2012.
  26. Advate [package insert]. Westlake Village, CA: Bayer Healthcare; 2012.
  27. Helixate FS [package insert]. Kankakee, IL: CSL Behring LLC; 2013.
  28. Kogenate FS [package insert]. Tarrytown, NY: Bayer Healthcare LLC; 2013. 
  29. Recombinate [package insert]. Westlake Village, CA: Bayer Healthcare; 2010. 
  30. Xyntha [package insert]. Philadelphia, PA: Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  31. Feiba NF [package insert]. Westlake Village, CA: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2011.
  32. Thymoglobulin [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme Corp; 2008.
  33. Argatroban [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2012.
  34. Abilify [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company/Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc; 2012.
  35. Septocaine [package insert]. Louisville, CO: Septodont; 2011.
  36. Ascorbic acid [package insert]. Forest Park, IL: Bioniche Pharma USA LLC; 2009.
  37. Atropen [package insert]. Columbia, MD: Meridian Medical Technologies; 2005.
  38. DuoDote [package insert]. Columbia, MD: Meridian Medical Technologies; 2009.
  39. Azathioprine [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2011.
  40. TICE BCG [package insert]. Durham, NC: Organon Teknika; 2009.
  41. BCG vaccine [package insert]. Durham, NC: Organon Teknika; 2012.
  42. Nulojix [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2011.
  43. Treanda [package insert]. Frazer, PA: Cephalon; 2012.
  44. Celestone Soluspan [package insert]. Whitehouse Station NJ: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp; 2012.
  45. Avastin [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc; 2013. 
  46. Neurolite [package insert]. N. Billerica, MA; Lantheus Medical Imaging, Inc; 2008.
  47. Velcade [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  48. Adcetris [package insert]. Bothell, WA: Seattle Genetics; 2012.
  49. Bumetanide [package insert]. Eatontown, NJ: West-ward Pharmaceuticals; 2011.
  50. Bupivacaine and epinephrine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2010.
  51. Marcaine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2011.
  52. Vivacaine [package insert]. Louisville, CO: Septodont; 2009.
  53. Sensorcaine and Sensorcaine-MPF [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2010.
  54. Buprenex [package insert]. Richmond, VA: Reckitt Benckiser; 2005.
  55. Butorphanol [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2007.
  56. Berinert [package insert]. Kankakee, IL: CSL Behring LLC; 2012.
  57. Cinryze [package insert]. Exton, PA: ViroPharma Biologics; 2012.
  58. Calcijex [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2012.
  59. Ilaris [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis; 2012.
  60. Carboplatin [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals; 2010.
  61. Kyprolis [package insert]. San Francisco, CA: Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  62. BiCNU [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb; 2011.
  63. Cefazolin [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals; 2010.
  64. Maxipime [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2012.
  65. Claforan [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corp; 2009.
  66. Cefotetan disodium [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals; 2011.
  67. Fortaz [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2010.
  68. Tazicef [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira; 2007.
  69. Rocephin [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech USA, Inc; 2010.
  70. Zinacef [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2010.
  71. Cefazolin and dextrose [package insert]. Irvine, CA: B. Braun Medical, Inc; 2012. 
  72. Cefepime and dextrose [package insert]. Irvine, CA: B. Braun Medical, Inc; 2012. 
  73. Cefotetan and dextrose [package insert]. Irvine, CA: B. Braun Medical, Inc; 2012. 
  74. Cefoxitin and dextrose [package insert]. Irvine, CA: B. Braun Medical, Inc; 2010.
  75. Ceftazidime and dextrose [package insert]. Irvine, CA: B. Braun Medical, Inc; 2012.
  76. Ceftriaxone and dextrose [package insert]. Irvine, CA: B. Braun Medical, Inc; 2010.
  77. Cefuroxime and dextrose [package insert]. Irvine, CA: B. Braun Medical, Inc; 2010.
  78. Cimzia [package insert]. Smyrna, GA: UCB, Inc; 2012.
  79. Cetrotide [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; 2008.
  80. Nesacaine and Nesacaine-MPF [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals; 2010.
  81. Chlorpromazine [package insert]. Eatontown, NJ: West-Ward Pharmaceuticals; 2012.
  82. Ovidrel [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; 2010.
  83. Ciprofloxacin injection [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2011.
  84. Nimbex [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: Abbvie, Inc; 2013.
  85. Cisplatin injection [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer Injectables; 2012.
  86. Leustatin [package insert]. Raritan, NJ: Centocor Ortho Biotech Products; 2012.
  87. Cleviprex [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: The Medicines Company; 2012.
  88. Vaprisol [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Astellas Pharma; 2012.
  89. Acthrel [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2007.
  90. Cosyntropin [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Sandoz; 2009.
  91. Cortrosyn [package insert]. Rancho Cucamonga, CA: Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2010.
  92. Cosyntropin [package insert]. Rockford, IL: Mylan Institutional LLC; 2013.
  93. Cosyntropin [package insert]. Liberty Corner, NJ: GeneraMedix; 2008.
  94. Cosyntropin [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Sandoz; 2012.
  95. Cyanocobalamin [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  96. SandIMMUNE [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis; 2012.
  97. Cytarabine [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  98. Cytarabine [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer Inc; 2011.
  99. Cytarabine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2007.
  100. Cytarabine [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2008. 
  101. Dacarbazine [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  102. Cosmegen [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Lundbeck; 2012.
  103. Dantrium [package insert]. Rochester, MI: JHP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  104. Revonto [package insert]. Louisville, KY: US WorldMeds LLC; 2011.
  105. Aranesp [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen, Inc; 2012.
  106. DaunoXome [package insert]. Souderton, PA: Galen US, Inc; 2011.
  107. Cerubidine [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2008.
  108. Prolia [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen; 2012.
  109. Xgeva [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen; 2013.
  110. Iprivask [package insert]. Hunt Valley, MD: Canyon Pharmaceuticals; 2010.
  111. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  112. Totect [package insert]. Rockaway, NJ: Topotarget USA, Inc; 2012.
  113. Zinecard [package insert]. New York, NY: Pharmacia and Upjohn Co; 2012.
  114. Dexrazoxane [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2005.
  115. Dexrazoxane [package insert]. Rockford, IL: Mylan Institutional LLC; 2012.
  116. Cystografin [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bracco Diagnostics, Inc; 2006.
  117. MD-76R [package insert]. St. Louis, MO: Mallinckrodt, Inc; 2006.
  118. Sinografin [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bracco Diagnostics Inc; 2006. 
  119. Diazepam [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2008.
  120. Lanoxin [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2011.
  121. D.H.E. 45 [package insert]. Costa Mesa, CA: Valeant Pharmaceuticals; 2002.
  122. Dimenhydrinate [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  123. Diphenhydramine [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  124. Dipyridamole [package insert]. Eatontown, NJ: West-ward Pharmaceuticals; 2011.
  125. Docefrez [package insert]. Detroit, MI: Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd; 2012.
  126. Taxotere [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis Pharmaceuticals; 2011.
  127. Anzemet [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventisPharmaceuticals; 2011.
  128. Dopamine [package insert]. Shirley, NY: American Regent; 2005.
  129. Hectorol [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme; 2010.
  130. Adriamycin [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2012.
  131. Doxycycline [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer Injectables; 2011.
  132. Droperidol [package insert]. Shirley, NY: American Regent; 2005.
  133. Kalbitor [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Dyax Corp; 2012.
  134. Soliris [package insert]. Cheshire, CT: Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  135. Ephedrine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Akorn, Inc; 2010.
  136. Adrenalin [package insert]. Rochester, MI: JHP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2011.
  137. EpiPen and EpiPen Jr [package insert]. Napa, CA: Dey Pharma, LP; 2012.
  138. Ellence [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer Injectables; 2012.
  139. Epogen [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen; 2012.
  140. Procrit [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Products, LP; 2012.
  141. Flolan [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2011.
  142. Veletri [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Actelion Pharmaceuticals; 2011.
  143. Integrilin [package insert].Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co; 2011.
  144. Nexium I.V. [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca; 2012.
  145. Enbrel [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Immunex Corp; 2012.
  146. Ethamolin [package insert]. Kirkland, WA: QOL Medical LLC; 2006.
  147. Etopophos [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co; 2011.
  148. Bydureon [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc;2012.
  149. Byetta [package insert] (pen user manual). San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2011.
  150. NovoSeven RT [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk; 2012.
  151. Corifact [package insert]. Kankakee, IL: CSL Behring LLC; 2012.
  152. Sublimaze [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Akorn; 2012.
  153. RiaSTAP [package insert]. Kankakee, IL: CSL Behring LLC; 2011.
  154. Adrucil [package insert]. Irvine, CA: Teva Parenteral Medicines, Inc; 2007.
  155. Fluphenazine decanoate [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2010.
  156. Fluphenazine hydrochloride injection [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2010.
  157. Folic acid injection [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2010.
  158. Gonal-f [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; 2009.
  159. Gonal-F RFF [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; 2011.
  160. Gonal-F RFF Pen [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; 2009.
  161. Follistim [package insert]. West Orange, NJ: Organon, Inc; 2008.
  162. Follistim AQ [package insert]. Roseland, NJ: Organon, Inc; 2010.
  163. Faslodex [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: Astra Zeneca; 2012.
  164. Furosemide injection [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2011.
  165. Omniscan [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: GE Healthcare, Inc; 2011.
  166. Ablavar [package insert]. North Billerica, MA: Lantheus Medical Imaging, Inc; 2010.
  167. Vasovist [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2009.
  168. Magnevist [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  169. ProHance [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bracco Diagnostics, Inc; 2011.
  170. OptiMARK [package insert]. St. Louis, MO: Mallinckrodt, Inc; 2011.
  171. Naglazyme [package insert]. Novato, CA: BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc; 2012.
  172. Ganirelix [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp; 2012.
  173. Copaxone [package insert]. North Wales, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals; 2012.
  174. GlucaGen Hypokit [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk; 2012.
  175. Myochrysine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Akorn, Inc; 2008.
  176. Simponi [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2012.
  177. Granisetron [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2012.
  178. Hiberix [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2012.
  179. PedvaxHIB [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp; 2010.
  180. ActHIB [package insert]. Swiftwater, PA: Sanofi Pasteur, Inc; 2009.
  181. Haldol decanoate [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2011.
  182. Haloperidol lactate [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2011.
  183. Gardasil [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co, Inc; 2011.
  184. Cervarix [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2011.
  185. Euflexxa [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2011.
  186. Hyalgan [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Fidia Pharma USA, Inc; 2011.
  187. Synvisc [package insert]. Ridgefield, NJ: Genzyme Corp; 2010.
  188. Synvisc-One [package insert]. Ridgefield, NJ: Genzyme Biosurgery; 2010.
  189. Orthovisc [package insert]. Woburn, MA: Anika Therapeutics, Inc; 2005.
  190. Supartz [package insert]. Durham, NC: Bioventus LLC; 2012.
  191. Vitrase [package insert]. Irvine, CA: ISTA Pharmaceutical, Inc; 2012.
  192. Solu-CORTEF [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer Injectables; 2012.
  193. Dilaudid and Dilaudid-HP [package insert]. Stamford, CT: Purdue Pharma LP; 2011.
  194. Hydroxocobalamin [package insert]. Corona, CA: Watson Pharm, Inc; 2010.
  195. Makena [package insert]. St. Louis, MO: Ther-Rx Corporation; 2013.
  196. Hydroxyzine [package insert]. Shirley, NY: American Regent, Inc; 2009.
  197. NeoProfen [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Lundbeck, Inc; 2010. 
  198. Idamycin PFS [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer; 2006.
  199. Elaprase [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Inc;2011.
  200. Flebogamma DIF [package insert]. Los Angeles, CA: Grifols Biologicals, Inc; 2011.
  201. Gammagard liquid [package insert]. Westlake Village, CA: Baxter International, Inc; 2011.
  202. Gammaplex [package insert]. Raleigh, NC: BPL, Inc; 2013.
  203. Hizentra [package insert]. Kankakee, IL: CSL Behring AG; 2012.
  204. Privigen [package insert]. Kankakee, IL: CSL Behring AG; 2013.
  205. Carimune NF [package insert]. Kankakee, IL: CSL Behring LLC; 2012.
  206. Gamastan S/D [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: Grifols Therapeutics, Inc; 2012.
  207. Gammagard S/D [package insert]. Westlake Village, CA: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2012.
  208. Gamunex-C [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: Grifols Therapeutics, Inc; 2012.
  209. Octagam [package insert]. Hoboken, NJ: Octapharma USA, Inc; 2009.
  210. Indigo Carmine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Akorn, Inc; 2012.
  211. Indocin [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Lundbeck, Inc; 2010.
  212. Afluria [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co, Inc; 2012.
  213. Fluarix [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NJ: GlaxoSmithKline; 2012.
  214. Flublok [package insert]. Meridian, CT: Protein Sciences Corp; 2013.
  215. Flucelvax [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc; 2012.
  216. FluLaval [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NJ: GlaxoSmithKline; 2012.
  217. Fluvirin [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc; 2012.
  218. Novolog [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk, Inc; 2012.
  219. Novolog 70/30 [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk, Inc; 2012.
  220. Levemir [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk, Inc; 2012.
  221. Apidra and Apidra Solostar [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC; 2012.
  222. Lantus [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC; 2010. 
  223. Humalog [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Lilly USA LLC; 2013.
  224. Humalog Mix 50/50 [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Lilly USA LLC; 2009.
  225. Humalog Mix 75/25 [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Lilly USA LLC; 2013.
  226. Novolin N [patient package insert]. Plainsboro, NJ: Novo Nordisk, Inc; 2013.
  227. Humulin N [patient package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Lilly USA LLC; 2013.
  228. Novolin R [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk, Inc; 2012.
  229. Humulin R [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Lilly USA LLC; 2011.
  230. Avonex [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Biogen, Inc; 2006.
  231. Rebif [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2013.
  232. Cholografin Meglummine [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bracco Diagnostics, Inc; 2006.
  233. Visipaque [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: GE Healthcare, Inc; 2008.
  234. Omnipaque [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: GE Healthcare, Inc; 2012.
  235. Isovue [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bracco Diagnostics, Inc; 2012.
  236. Isovue-M [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bracco Diagnostics, Inc; 2012.
  237. Ultravist [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2009.
  238. Conray [package insert]. St. Louis, MO: Mallinckrodt, Inc; 2003.
  239. Optiray [package insert]. Hazelwood, MO: Mallinckrodt, Inc; 2011.
  240. Hexabrix [package insert]. St. Louis, MO: Mallinckrodt, Inc; 2005.
  241. Yervoy [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2012.
  242. Camptosar [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2012.
  243. Isoniazid [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Sandoz, Inc; 2009.
  244. Isuprel [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2004.
  245. Ixempra [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2011.
  246. Ixiaro [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc; 2012.
  247. Ketalar [package insert]. Rochester, MI: JHP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2012.
  248. Ketorolac tromethamine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2012.
  249. Labetalol [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2011.
  250. Somatuline Depot [package insert]. Basking Ridge, NJ: Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  251. Aldurazyme [package insert]. Novato, CA: BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc; 2011.
  252. Leucovorin [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2008.
  253. Leuprolide [package insert]. Sellersville, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA; 2011.
  254. Levocarnitine [package insert]. Sellersville, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA; 2011.
  255. Levocarnitine [package insert]. Shirley, NY: American Regent, Inc; 2009. 
  256. Levocarnitine [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2008.
  257. Carnitor [package insert]. Gaithersburg, MD. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  258. Levaquin [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  259. Fusilev [package insert]. Irvine, CA: Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2011.
  260. Levothyroxine [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2011.
  261. Xylocaine MPF [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2011.
  262. Victoza [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk, Inc; 2012.
  263. Zyvox [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2012.
  264. Ativan [package insert]. Eatontown, NJ: West-Ward Pharmaceuticals; 2011.
  265. M-M-R II [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co, Inc; 2010.
  266. ProQuad [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co, Inc; 2011.
  267. Increlex [package insert]. Basking Ridge, NJ: Ipsen Biopharmaceutical, Inc; 2012.
  268. Mustargen [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Lundbeck; 2012.
  269. Alkeran [package insert]. Rockville, MD: ApoPharma USA, Inc; 2011.
  270. Menveo [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc; 2011.
  271. Menactra [package insert]. Swiftwater, PA: Sanofi Pasteur, Inc; 2011. 
  272. Repronex [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  273. Scandonest Plain and Scandonest L [package insert]. Louisville, CO: Septodont; 2009.
  274. Methadone [package insert]. Rockford, IL: Mylan Institutional LLC; 2013.
  275. Methotrexate [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2011.
  276. Methergine [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2012.
  277. Relistor [package insert]. Raleigh, NC: Salix Pharmaceuticals; 2011.
  278. A-Methapred [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2011.
  279. Reglan [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2010.
  280. Lopressor [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2013.
  281. Flagyl [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2011.
  282. Mycamine [package insert]. Northbrook, IL: Astellas Pharma US, Inc; 2012.
  283. Kynamro [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme Corporation; 2013.
  284. Mitomycin [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2000.
  285. Astramorph PF [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca LP; 2005.
  286. Duramorph [package insert]. Eatontown, NJ: West-Ward Pharmaceuticals; 2011.
  287. Nalbuphine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2007.
  288. Naloxone [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2007.
  289. Tysabri [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  290. Neostigmine [package insert]. Eatontown, NJ: West-Ward Pharmaceuticals; 2012.
  291. Natrecor [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Scios, Inc; 2012.
  292. Cardene I.V. [package insert]. Bedminster, NJ: EKR Therapeutics, Inc; 2010.
  293. Nitroglycerin injection solution concentrate [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2004.
  294. Nitroglycerin [package insert]. Shirley, NY: American Regent, Inc; 2005.
  295. Nitroglycerin in dextrose [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2005.
  296. Nitropress [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2007.
  297. Levophed [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2007.
  298. Jetrea [package insert]. Iselin, NJ: ThromboGenics, Inc; 2012.
  299. Sandostatin [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2012.
  300. Arzerra [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2011.
  301. Zyprexa [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Lilly USA LLC; 2011.
  302. Xolair [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc; 2010.
  303. Synribo [package insert]. North Wales, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc; 2012.
  304. Zofran [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2012.
  305. Neumega [package insert]. Philadelphia, PA: Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2011.
  306. Orphenadrine [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2008.
  307. Orphenadrine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Akorn, Inc; 2012.
  308. Orphenadrine [package insert]. Corona, CA: Watson Pharm, Inc; 2010.
  309. Orphenadrine [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: Sagent Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2009.
  310. Norflex [package insert]. Shirley, NY: Graceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 2010. 
  311. Eloxatin [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC; 2012.
  312. Opana [package insert]. Malvern, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2013.
  313. Paclitaxel [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2012.
  314. Abraxane [package insert]. Summit, NJ: Celgene Corporation; 2012.
  315. Kepivance [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen, Inc; 2008.
  316. Aloxi [package insert]. Woodcliff Lake, NJ: Eisai, Inc; 2008.
  317. Vectibix [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen, Inc; 2013.
  318. Protonix I.V. [package insert]. Philadelphia, PA: Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  319. Papaverine [package insert]. Shirley, NY: American Regent, Inc; 2009.
  320. Signifor [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2012.
  321. Neulasta [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen, Inc; 2011.
  322. Omontys [package insert]. Palo Alto, CA: Affymax, Inc; 2012.
  323. Pegasys [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech USA, Inc; 2011.
  324. Krystexxa [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: Savient Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  325. Pentam 300 [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  326. Perjeta [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc; 2012.
  327. Phenylephrine [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2005.
  328. Vitamin K1 [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2004.
  329. IPOL [package insert]. Swiftwater, PA: Sanofi Pasteur, Inc; 2012.
  330. Polymyxin B [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  331. Photofrin [package insert]. Bannockburn, IL: Pinnacle Biologics, Inc; 2011.
  332. Folotyn [package insert]. Westminster, CO: Allos Therapeutics, Inc; 2012.
  333. Symlin [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2008.
  334. Citanest Forte [package insert]. York, PA: DENTSPLY Pharmaceutical; 2010.
  335. Novocain [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2004.
  336. Prochlorperazine [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2010.
  337. Phenergan [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2009.
  338. Propranolol [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2008.
  339. Ceprotin [package insert]. Westlake Village, CA: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2007.
  340. Regonol [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Sandoz, Inc; 2009.
  341. Pyridoxine [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  342. RabAvert [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc; 2012.
  343. Imovax Rabies [package insert]. Swiftwater, PA: Sanofi Pasteur Inc; 2012.
  344. Lucentis [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc; 2013.
  345. Zantac [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2009.
  346. Elitek [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC; 2010.
  347. Raxibacumab [package insert]. Rockville, MD: Human Genome Sciences, Inc; 2012.
  348. Retavase [package insert]. Bedminster, NJ: EKR Therapeutics, Inc; 2009.
  349. Rhophylac [package insert]. Kankakee, IL: CSL Behring LLC; 2012.
  350. Rifadin [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2011.
  351. Arcalyst [package insert]. Tarrytown, NY: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2010.
  352. Myobloc [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Solstice Neurosciences, Inc; 2010.
  353. Risperdal Consta [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  354. Rituxan [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc; 2012.
  355. Nplate [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen, Inc; 2012.
  356. Scopolamine [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  357. ChiRhoStim [package insert]. Burtonsville, MD: ChiRhoClin, Inc; 2007.
  358. Sodium nitrite [package insert]. Scottsdale, AZ: Hope Pharmaceuticals; 2012.
  359. Genotropin [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2011.
  360. Tev-Tropin [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Teva Biologics and Specialty Products; 2012.
  361. Norditropin [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: NovoNordisk, Inc; 2011.
  362. Nutropin AQ [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc; 2008.
  363. Omnitrope [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Sandoz, Inc; 2011.
  364. Humatrope [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company; 2012.
  365. Nutropin [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc; 2006.
  366. Saizen [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; 2012.
  367. Serostim [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; 2012.
  368. Zorbtive [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; 2012.
  369. Streptomycin [package insert]. Big Flats, NY: X-Gen Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  370. Zanosar [package insert]. Irvine, CA: Teva Parenteral Medicines, Inc; 2007.
  371. Sufenta [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Akorn, Inc; 2008.
  372. Imitrex [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2012.
  373. Alsuma [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2012.
  374. Elelyso [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2012.
  375. Torisel [package insert]. Philadelphia, PA: Pfizer, Inc; 2012.
  376. Vumon [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2011.
  377. Terbutaline [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2011.
  378. Forteo [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Lilly USA LLC; 2012.
  379. Egrifta [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; 2010.
  380. Depo-Testosterone [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2006.
  381. Tetracaine [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Akorn, Inc; 2008.
  382. Thiamine [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2006.
  383. Thiotepa [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2001.
  384. Thyrogen [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme Corporation; 2012.
  385. Aggrastat [package insert]. Somerset, NJ: Medicure Pharma, Inc; 2012.
  386. Actemra [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech; 2012.
  387. Hycamtin [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NJ: GlaxoSmithKline; 2010.
  388. Bexxar [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NJ: GlaxoSmithKline; 2012.
  389. Kenalog-10 [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Sandoz, Inc; 2011.
  390. Triesence [package insert]. Fort Worth, TX: Alcon Laboratories, Inc; 2011.
  391. Aristospan [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Sandoz, Inc; 2008.
  392. Aplisol [package insert]. Rochester, MI: JHP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2008.
  393. Bravelle [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
  394. Stelara [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2012.
  395. Varivax [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co, Inc; 2012.
  396. Vecuronium [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2011.
  397. Vpriv [package insert]. Lexington, MA: Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Inc; 2013.
  398. Verapamil [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2010.
  399. Visudyne [package insert]. Menlo Park, CA: QLT Ophthalmics, Inc; 2010.
  400. Vinblastine [package insert]. Schaumburg, IL: APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2011.
  401. Vinblastine [package insert]. Bedford, OH: Bedford Laboratories; 2010. 
  402. Vincasar PFS [package insert]. Sellersville, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA; 2012.
  403. Marqibo [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Talon Therapeutics, Inc; 2012.
  404. Navelbine [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2012.
  405. Aquasol A [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc; 2007.
  406. Wilate [package insert]. Hoboken, NJ: Octapharma USA, Inc; 2010.
  407. Coumadin [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2011.
  408. Prialt [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2008.
  409. Retrovir [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2009.
  410. Geodon [package insert]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc; 2012.
  411. Zaltrap [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC; 2012.
  412. Zostavax [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co, Inc; 2011.

 

*The following individuals are acknowledged for their contribution to this document: Shadi Ghaibi, PharmD, BCPS; Heather J. Ipema, PharmD, BCPS; Rita Soni, PharmD, BCPS; Richard J. DeBartolo, Jr, PharmD; and Carissa E. Mancuso, PharmD.