Case studies and articles
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Tests are a vital part of clinical practice, and you may handle hundreds of results every day. Therefore, it is important to have a process to determine which ones to follow up and how the results are communicated to the patient, especially if multiple doctors or medical teams are involved in care.
Baby P, a healthy baby with no concerns in his medical records, was brought to Dr W for a hepatitis B vaccination at around four weeks of age. During the visit, the baby was noted to be mildly jaundiced.
After further questioning, Baby P’s mother stated that his stools were pale. Blood tests were taken, including a total bilirubin level and conjugated bilirubin level. Dr W promised to call the mother if the blood test results were abnormal. Unfortunately, following a busy clinic, Dr W misplaced Baby P’s details, so was unable to trace the results.
The results showed a total bilirubin of 110 µmol/l and a conjugated bilirubin of 55 µmol/l. Dr W accidentally marked the results as normal, so they were automatically filed in Baby P’s record without any further action.
One month later, Baby P’s mother attended the surgery and asked about the blood test results. The abnormal bilirubin levels from four weeks ago were identified at this point. Bilirubin levels repeated that day on Baby P showed a total of 124 µmol/l and a conjugated level of 70 µmol/l
Baby P was urgently referred to the local paediatrician for further assessment and management. He was diagnosed with biliary atresia and underwent a Kasai procedure four days later. Baby P, who was 70 days’ old at the time, made an initial good recovery but two months later deteriorated and needed a liver transplant. He remained on immunosuppressants with an optimistic ten-year prognosis.
Baby P’s parents brought a claim against Dr W, alleging a failure to follow up and act on the first set of abnormal bilirubin results, leading to delayed diagnosis and management of biliary atresia. They claimed that as a result of the delay, the Kasai procedure had a suboptimal outcome and so led to the need for a liver transplant.
Dr W contacted Medical Protection and requested assistance.
The expert instructed by Medical Protection was critical of Dr W’s management, citing his loss of the baby’s details, which meant he could not follow up the blood test results – despite the advice he had provided to the mother – and then he signed off an abnormal set of results. These errors led to a delay in diagnosis, which was only circumvented by the mother asking about the results while in attendance at the practice for another reason. Expert opinion also said that a full liver panel should have been requested at the time of the original testing.
Expert opinion on causation concluded that the delayed diagnosis did not cause the need for a Kasai procedure, but the consensus was that early surgery (within the first eight weeks of life – some even say the first four weeks) would have led to a better outcome. In addition, they noted that although a Kasai procedure can address biliary atresia in the short term (and eliminate the need for a transplant in up to 25% of patients), by the age of 20, some 70-80% of patients would need a liver transplant regardless. Thus, on balance, they concluded that Baby P was more likely than not to have always needed a liver transplant at some point in his life. However, the early failure of the Kasai procedure had expedited this need and prolonged the time he would spend on immunosuppressants.
Medical Protection settled the claim, while continuing to monitor Baby P for an updated prognosis and potential further payments.
Clinicians can deal with hundreds of blood test results every day. Having a plan about which ones to follow up, and how these results might be communicated to the patient, are crucial.
Clear messages to patients about whether they will or will not hear about results is important. This plan should also be documented in the medical records.
A plan on handling normal and abnormal results is needed. Even normal results may lead to further action, let alone abnormal ones.
Be careful on reviewing results electronically, in case the wrong button is clicked and they are filed instead of actioned.
